Jumat, 03 Juni 2011

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH


Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung
Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.
Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
Peraturan I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
Simple present - menjadi - Simple past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech
Simple present
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
Simple past
Past continuous
Future
Present
Indirect Speech
Simple past
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past
Past
Kekecualian :
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
He said, “The sun rises in the east” - He said that the sun rises in the east
Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech
this = ini
these = ini
come = datang
here = di sini, ke sini
hence = dari sini
hither = ke tempat ini
ago = yang lalu
now = sekarang
today = hari ini
tomorrow = besok
yesterday = kemarin
last night = tadi malam
next week = minggu depan
thus = begini
contoh :
He said, “I will come here”.
Indirect Speech
that = itu
those = itu
go = pergi
there = di sana, ke sana
thence = dari sana
thither = ke tempat itu
before = lebih dahulu
then = pada waktu itu
that day = hari itu
next day = hari berikutnya
the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
the following week = minggu berikutnya
so = begitu
He said that he would go there
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. - Agus said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)
Peraturan II
1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb - Reported speech
Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.
a) Command :
Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once
b) Precept :
Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
c) Request :
Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
d) Entreaty :
Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
e) Prohibition :
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.
4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)
Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say
atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out,
pray dsb.
a) Exclamatory sentences
Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.
b) Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)
Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “
Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son
Contoh Kalimat :
  • Direct    : Mrs. Chandra said to Vita "Don't wory about it."
          Indirect : Mrs. Chandra told Vita not to wory about it.
  • Direct   : Vita asked "Are you a journalist?"
          Indirect : Vita asked if / whether I was journalist.
  • Direct    : Mr. Chandra said "I worked hard yesterday."
          Indirect : Mr. Chandra said that he worked hard the day before
  • Direct    : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
          Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door
  • Direct   : Hamid said, "Sinta, come here!"
          Indirect : Hamid told Sinta to come here.

KELEMAHANKU


Aku tahu bahwa,, aku bukanlah seorang pujangga..
Yang begitu pandai ,,merangkai kata-kata untukmu..
Aku sadar bahwa ,,aku bukanlah sang penyair..
Yang menuliskan syair-syair indahnya untukmu..

Tetapi apa kau tahu ,,bahwa aku..
Selalu ingin menjadi “payung” disaat hujan membasahimu..
Apakah kau tahu ,,bahwa aku..
Selalu ingin menjadi “spongebob” yang selalu bisa menghiburmu..

Tetapi kini keraguanku,,telah berada..
Di dalam titik ,,kejenuhanku..
Dan saat ini ,,kelelahanku,,telah berada..
Di tengah ,,titik kelemahanku..

Mungkin ku takkan ,,pernah bisa..
Tuk menjadi sesuatu yang berharga untukmu..
Dan sampai kapanpun,, ku takkan pernah bisa..
Untuk menjadi sesuatu yang berarti di hidupmu..

BERDIRI


Di bawah,,langitmu,,ku berdiri…
Berdiri,,dengan melihat ke depan..
Di atas,,bumiMu,,ku berpijak..
Berpijak,,ku melangkah melewati waktu..

Dan telah,,ku gambarkan dalam anganku..
Bahwa,,ku punya mimpi-mimpi yang setinggi bintang..
Dan telah ku tanamkan dalam sanubariku..
Bahwa ku sanggup,,meraih apa yang ku inginkan..

Ku pacu,,cepat waktu melangkah sendiri..
Sirnakan masa lalu yang kelam dalam hati..
Lanjutkan hidup takkan menyerah disini..
Semoga hari esok kan ceria kembali..

Ku bernyanyi dan tersenyum lagi..
Hari ini dan juga hari esok..
Walau aral rintangan membentang..
Dan tiada terhilangkan pastikan ku tantang lagi..

Kamis, 19 Mei 2011

KASIH YANG HILANG

Kasih...
Kau selalu ada untukku...
Kau selalu memperhatikanku...
Kau selalu menemaniku disaat senang ataupun sedih...

Kasih...
Aku pun sama halnya denganmu...
Aku selalu ada untukmu...
Aku selalu memperhatikanmu...
Dan aku pun selalu menemanimu disaat senang ataupun sedih...

Apa kau sadar akan hal itu ?

Apa kau mengerti akan hal itu ?

Kini engkau pergi entah kemana...
Kini engkau pergi tanpa jejak sedikitpun...

Apa engkau tau apa yang ku rasakan ?

Apa engkau mengerti apa yang ku pikirkan ?

Kini...
Aku selalu merenung...
Kini...
Aku selalu terdiam...
Merenung dalam sebuah kekosongan...
Dan terdiam dalam sebuah kehampaan...

Tanpa ada yang menemaniku lagi...
Tanpa ada yang memperhatikanku lagi...

Aku mulai bertekad untuk mencarimu...
Mencarimu...
Dan mencarimu...

Ku akan mencari...
Meskipun ku harus keliling dunia dalam pencarian yang panjang...
Ataupun ke akhirat sekali pun...

Demi kasih yang hilang ini...
Apapun akan ku lakukan untuk mendapatkanmu kembali...

CINTA SEMPURNA

Kau yang terbaik dan terindah...
Di dalam hati dan jiwaku...
Kau yang selalu ada untukku...
Membuatku tegar di saat ku rapuh..

Kau yang selalu menjagaku...
Dikala ku terlelap di dalam mimpi indahku...
Dan kau adalah setengah dari nyawaku...
Inspirasiku , motivasi terbesar dalam hidupku...

Ibu..Ibu..Ibu..
Tak sanggup lagi ku berkata...
Bahwa cintamu adalah cahaya dalam gelapku...

Ibu..Ibu..Ibu..
Tak mampu ku membalas seluruh kasihmu yang mengalir seperti air...

Sungguh...senyum bahagiamu adalah surga untukku...
Sungguh...tangis kesedihanmu adalah neraka bagiku...
Sungguh...terima kasihku padamu Tuhanku...
Karena Engkau telah memberikan cinta dan kasihmu padaku...

Sabtu, 14 Mei 2011

tugas bahasa inggris


2. Combine these pairs of sentences, using which



EXAMPLE :    That is the garage.
                        In that garage the new car is kept
                        = That is the garage in which the new car is kept





  1. Economics is a science.
In that science everything must be studied in an objective way.
= Economics is a science in which everything must be studied in an objective way.        

  1. The USSR has a system.
In that system central planning is very important.
= The USSR has a system in which central planning is very important.

  1. The USA has an economy.
In that economy government planning is limited to quite a small area.
= The USA has an economy in which government planning is limited to quite a small area.

  1. Marxims propose a special economic system.
In that system collective needs are more important than individual needs
= Marxims propose a special economic system in which collective needs are more important than individual needs.

  1. The british have a certain way of life
In that way of life private enterprise and private ownership of property are very important
=  The british have a certain way of life in which private enterprise and private ownership of property are very important

  1. The Americans and the british have separate ideologies.
In these ideologies there are many similar point.
= The Americans and the british have separate ideologies in which are many similar point

           

Sabtu, 26 Maret 2011

conditional sentences and passive voice


Passive Sentences

Passive voice verbs are used in writing much more often than in speech, and they are used in some types of writing much more often than in others. Passives are used more in journalism (newspapers, magazines) than in fiction (novels, stories), but most journalists and fiction writers use far more active than passive sentences. However, passives are very common in all types of scientific and technical writing. Scientific articles often contain more passive than active sentences. You should not use passive voice verbs unless you have a good reason.

A. Relationship between active and passive:
1. The object of the active verb is the subject of the passive verb (“English” in the example sentences below). Therefore, verbs which cannot be followed by objects (intransitive verbs) cannot be used in passive voice.
These are some common intransitive verbs: appear, arrive, come, cry, die, go, happen, occur, rain, sleep, stay, walk. These verbs cannot be used in passive voice.
2. The passive verb always contains a form of the auxiliary verb be. The form of be in the passive verb phrase corresponds to the form of the main verb in the active verb phrase (see the underlined words in the example sentences below). That is, if the active main verb is simple present tense, then a simple present tense form of be is used in the passive verb phrase; if the active main verb is -ING, then the -ING form of be is used in the passive verb phrase; and so on.
3. The main verb in a passive predicate verb phrase is always the participle form of the verb.
4. Some examples of active and passive sentences:
ACTIVE: They speak English.
PASSIVE: English is spoken.

ACTIVE: They spoke English.
PASSIVE: English was spoken.

ACTIVE: They will speak English.
PASSIVE: English will be spoken.

ACTIVE: They are going to speak English.
PASSIVE: English is going to be spoken.

ACTIVE: They are speaking English.
PASSIVE: English is being spoken.

ACTIVE: They were speaking English.
PASSIVE: English was being spoken.

ACTIVE: They have spoken English.
PASSIVE: English has been spoken.

ACTIVE: They had spoken English.
PASSIVE: English had been spoken.

ACTIVE: They will have spoken English.
PASSIVE: English will have been spoken.

5. Perfect progressive verb forms are generally used in active voice only. That is, these are good English sentences:
ACTIVE: They have been speaking English.
ACTIVE: They had been speaking English.
ACTIVE: They will have been speaking English.

But sentences like these are rarely used:
PASSIVE: English has been being spoken.
PASSIVE: English had been being spoken.
PASSIVE: English will have been being spoken.


B. Most passive sentences do not contain an agent; all active sentences contain an agent.
1. An agent is the subject of the active verb. In the example sentences above, the agent is “they” in all the active sentences; the passive sentences do not contain an agent.
2. When a passive sentence contains an agent, it is in a prepositional phrase following the verb. For example:
English is spoken by them.
In the following sentences, the noun “teachers” is the agent in both sentences. “Teachers” is also the subject of the active verb, but “exams” is the subject of the passive verb.
ACTIVE: Teachers prepare exams.
PASSIVE: Exams are prepared by teachers.

C. You should not use passive voice unless you have a good reason.
Here are some good reasons for using passive voice:
1. Passive voice is often used when the agent (the doer of an action; the subject of an active verb) is obvious, unknown, or unnecessary:
Oranges are grown in California.
Toyotas are made in Japan.
Her purse was stolen.

2. Passive voice is often used when the agent is known, but the speaker/writer doesn’t want to mention it:
She was given bad advice.
A mistake has been made.

3. Passive voice is often used when the agent is very general such as people or somebody.
English is spoken here.
The door should be locked.

4. Passive voice is often used when the speaker/writer wants to emphasize a result:
Several thousand people were killed by the earthquake.
5. Passive voice is often used when the speaker/writer wants to keep the same subject for two or more verbs but this would not be possible if both verbs were the same voice (active or passive).
For example, in a conversation about George, a speaker would probably use sentence a below rather than sentence b (both sentences are correct).
a. George had several interviews before he was hired by a software company.
b. George had several interviews before a software company hired him.




Conditional Sentences

Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, sering kita berandai-andai. Misalnya, seandainya (jika) kamu mau jadi pacar saya, saya akan buat kamu orang paling bahagia di dunia. Seandainya saya kaya, saya akan bangun hotel bintang 5 di pantai Kuta. Seandainya saya punya sayap, saya akan terbang petikkan bintang untukmu. Dan seterusnya.  Kalimat-kalimat seperti ini disebut kalimat pengandaian atau dalam bahasa Inggris disebut conditional sentences.
Dalam bahasa Inggris, conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:
a.  digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause ini diawali oleh if maka disebut if clause.
b.  digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may, must, would, could, might, etc. pada pokok kalimat (main clause).
Conditional sentences dikelompokkan menjadi 2 tipe, yaitu: real conditional dan unreal/contrary to fact. Tulisan ini khusus membahas real conditionals, sedangkan untuk unreal conditional dapat dibaca di topik Conditional sentences (Part 2).

Real conditionals (factual / habitual / hypothetical / future possible)

Kalimat pengandaian tipe ini digunakan untuk mengekpresikan situasi atau aktivitas yang biasanya terjadi atau akan terjadi jika situasi pada if clause terpenuhi. Dengan kata lain, apa yang diandaikan itu memiliki peluang untuk terjadi atau menjadi kenyataan.
Sebagai contoh, ketika seorang teman mengajak saya, apakah malam ini saya mau nonton atau tidak, saya mungkin katakan:
If I have the time, I will go.  (Jika saya punya waktu, saya akan pergi).
Kalimat ini secara implisit juga berarti,
If I don’t have the time, I will not go. (Jika saya tidak punya waktu, saya tidak akan pergi).

Penggunaan real conditionals

Kalimat pengandaian tipe ini dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan:

a. Future time

If + S + present tense,  S +
will
+ Verb1
can
may
must
Note: if clause bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat (seperti formula di atas), bisa juga diletakkan di belakang setelah main clause. Ini tidak merubah arti kalimat. Dengan catatan, jika if clause diletakkan di belakang, tanda koma tidak diperlukan.
Contoh:
If I have the money, I will give it to you.  (Jika saya punya uangnya, saya akan memberikannya kepada kamu).
If you keep driving on this speed, we may arrive at home before 10 p.m. (Jika kamu terus nyetir mobil pada kecepatan ini, kita mungkin tiba di rumah sebelum jam 10 malam).
I can pass this subject if I study hard. (Saya dapat lulus mata kuliah ini, jika saya belajar giat).
You must bring an umbrella if I you don’t want to get wet. (Kamu harus membawa payung, jika kamu tidak ingin basah (kehujanan).

b. Habitual (kebiasaan/habit)

If + S + verb1,  S + verb1
Note: Dalam formula ini, modal auxiliary tidak digunakan.
Contoh:
If Budi has enough time, he usually walks to campus. (Jika Budi punya cukup waktu, dia biasanya jalan kaki ke kampus).
I usually watch football on TV every Saturday night if I do not fall asleep. (Saya biasanya nonton sepakbola di TV tiap Sabtu malam jika saya tidak tertidur).
If he has money, he always treats us. (Jika dia punya uang, dia selalu mentraktir kita).

c.  Command (perintah)

If + S + verb1,  S + verb1
Contoh:
If you finish with your work, please help me. (Jika kamu selesai dengan pekerjaanmu, tolong bantu saya).
Please give me a cigarette if you don’t mind. (Tolong beri saya sepuntung rokok, jika kamu tidak keberatan).
If you have time, please meet me in my office.  (Jika kamu punya waktu, tolong temui saya di kantor saya).